=head1 NAME

virt-alignment-scan - Check alignment of virtual machine partitions

=head1 SYNOPSIS

 virt-alignment-scan [--options] -d domname

 virt-alignment-scan [--options] -a disk.img [-a disk.img ...]

 virt-alignment-scan [--options]

=head1 DESCRIPTION

When older operating systems install themselves, the partitioning
tools place partitions at a sector misaligned with the underlying
storage (commonly the first partition starts on sector C<63>).
Misaligned partitions can result in an operating system issuing more
I/O than should be necessary.

The virt-alignment-scan tool checks the alignment of partitions in
virtual machines and disk images and warns you if there are alignment
problems.

Currently there is no virt tool for fixing alignment problems.  You
can only reinstall the guest operating system.  The following NetApp
document summarises the problem and possible solutions:
L<http://media.netapp.com/documents/tr-3747.pdf>

=head1 OUTPUT

To run this tool on a disk image directly, use the I<-a> option:

 $ virt-alignment-scan -a winxp.img
 /dev/sda1        32256          512    bad (alignment < 4K)

 $ virt-alignment-scan -a fedora16.img
 /dev/sda1      1048576         1024K   ok
 /dev/sda2      2097152         2048K   ok
 /dev/sda3    526385152         2048K   ok

To run the tool on a guest known to libvirt, use the I<-d> option and
possibly the I<-c> option:

 # virt-alignment-scan -d RHEL5
 /dev/sda1        32256          512    bad (alignment < 4K)
 /dev/sda2    106928640          512    bad (alignment < 4K)

 $ virt-alignment-scan -c qemu:///system -d Win7TwoDisks
 /dev/sda1      1048576         1024K   ok
 /dev/sda2    105906176         1024K   ok
 /dev/sdb1        65536           64K   ok

Run virt-alignment-scan without any I<-a> or I<-d> options to scan all
libvirt domains.

 # virt-alignment-scan
 F16x64:/dev/sda1      1048576         1024K   ok
 F16x64:/dev/sda2      2097152         2048K   ok
 F16x64:/dev/sda3    526385152         2048K   ok

The output consists of 4 or more whitespace-separated columns.  Only
the first 4 columns are significant if you want to parse this from a
program.  The columns are:

=over 4

=item col 1

The device and partition name (eg. F</dev/sda1> meaning the
first partition on the first block device).

When listing all libvirt domains (no I<-a> or I<-d> option given) this
column is prefixed by the libvirt name or UUID (if I<--uuid> is
given).  eg: C<WinXP:/dev/sda1>

=item col 2

the start of the partition in bytes

=item col 3

the alignment in bytes or Kbytes (eg. C<512> or C<4K>)

=item col 4

C<ok> if the alignment is best for performance, or C<bad> if the
alignment can cause performance problems

=item cols 5+

optional free-text explanation.

=back

The exit code from the program changes depending on whether poorly
aligned partitions were found.  See L</EXIT STATUS> below.

If you just want the exit code with no output, use the I<-q> option.

=head1 OPTIONS

=over 4

=item B<--help>

Display brief help.

=item B<-a> file

=item B<--add> file

Add I<file> which should be a disk image from a virtual machine.

The format of the disk image is auto-detected.  To override this and
force a particular format use the I<--format=..> option.

=item B<-a URI>

=item B<--add URI>

Add a remote disk.  See L<guestfish(1)/ADDING REMOTE STORAGE>.

=item B<-c> URI

=item B<--connect> URI

If using libvirt, connect to the given I<URI>.  If omitted, then we
connect to the default libvirt hypervisor.

If you specify guest block devices directly (I<-a>), then libvirt is
not used at all.

=item B<-d> guest

=item B<--domain> guest

Add all the disks from the named libvirt guest.  Domain UUIDs can be
used instead of names.

=item B<--format=raw|qcow2|..>

=item B<--format>

The default for the I<-a> option is to auto-detect the format of the
disk image.  Using this forces the disk format for I<-a> options which
follow on the command line.  Using I<--format> with no argument
switches back to auto-detection for subsequent I<-a> options.

For example:

 virt-alignment-scan --format=raw -a disk.img

forces raw format (no auto-detection) for F<disk.img>.

 virt-alignment-scan --format=raw -a disk.img --format -a another.img

forces raw format (no auto-detection) for F<disk.img> and reverts to
auto-detection for F<another.img>.

If you have untrusted raw-format guest disk images, you should use
this option to specify the disk format.  This avoids a possible
security problem with malicious guests (CVE-2010-3851).

=item B<-P> nr_threads

Since libguestfs 1.22, virt-alignment-scan is multithreaded and
examines guests in parallel.  By default the number of threads to use
is chosen based on the amount of free memory available at the time
that virt-alignment-scan is started.  You can force
virt-alignment-scan to use at most C<nr_threads> by using the I<-P>
option.

Note that I<-P 0> means to autodetect, and I<-P 1> means to use a
single thread.

=item B<-q>

=item B<--quiet>

Don’t produce any output.  Just set the exit code
(see L</EXIT STATUS> below).

=item B<--uuid>

Print UUIDs instead of names.  This is useful for following a guest
even when the guest is migrated or renamed, or when two guests happen
to have the same name.

This option only applies when listing all libvirt domains (when no
I<-a> or I<-d> options are specified).

=item B<-v>

=item B<--verbose>

Enable verbose messages for debugging.

=item B<-V>

=item B<--version>

Display version number and exit.

=item B<-x>

Enable tracing of libguestfs API calls.

=back

=head1 RECOMMENDED ALIGNMENT

Operating systems older than Windows 2008 and Linux before ca.2010
place the first sector of the first partition at sector 63, with a 512
byte sector size.  This happens because of a historical accident.
Drives have to report a cylinder / head / sector (CHS) geometry to the
BIOS.  The geometry is completely meaningless on modern drives, but it
happens that the geometry reported always has 63 sectors per track.
The operating system therefore places the first partition at the start
of the second "track", at sector 63.

When the guest OS is virtualized, the host operating system and
hypervisor may prefer accesses aligned to one of:

=over 4

=item * 512 bytes

if the host OS uses local storage directly on hard drive partitions,
and the hard drive has 512 byte physical sectors.

=item * 4 Kbytes

for local storage on new hard drives with 4Kbyte physical sectors; for
file-backed storage on filesystems with 4Kbyte block size; or for some
types of network-attached storage.

=item * 64 Kbytes

for high-end network-attached storage.  This is the optimal block size
for some NetApp hardware.

=item * 1 Mbyte

see L</1 MB PARTITION ALIGNMENT> below.

=back

Partitions which are not aligned correctly to the underlying
storage cause extra I/O.  For example:

                       sect#63
                       ┌──────────────────────────┬ ─ ─ ─ ─
                       │         guest            │
                       │    filesystem block      │
  ─ ┬──────────────────┴──────┬───────────────────┴─────┬ ─ ─
    │  host block             │  host block             │
    │                         │                         │
  ─ ┴─────────────────────────┴─────────────────────────┴ ─ ─

In this example, each time a 4K guest block is read, two blocks on the
host must be accessed (so twice as much I/O is done).  When a 4K guest
block is written, two host blocks must first be read, the old and new
data combined, and the two blocks written back (4x I/O).

=head2 LINUX HOST BLOCK AND I/O SIZE

New versions of the Linux kernel expose the physical and logical block
size, and minimum and recommended I/O size.

For a typical consumer hard drive with 512 byte sectors:

 $ cat /sys/block/sda/queue/hw_sector_size
 512
 $ cat /sys/block/sda/queue/physical_block_size
 512
 $ cat /sys/block/sda/queue/logical_block_size
 512
 $ cat /sys/block/sda/queue/minimum_io_size
 512
 $ cat /sys/block/sda/queue/optimal_io_size
 0

For a new consumer hard drive with 4Kbyte sectors:

 $ cat /sys/block/sda/queue/hw_sector_size
 4096
 $ cat /sys/block/sda/queue/physical_block_size
 4096
 $ cat /sys/block/sda/queue/logical_block_size
 4096
 $ cat /sys/block/sda/queue/minimum_io_size
 4096
 $ cat /sys/block/sda/queue/optimal_io_size
 0

For a NetApp LUN:

 $ cat /sys/block/sdc/queue/logical_block_size
 512
 $ cat /sys/block/sdc/queue/physical_block_size
 512
 $ cat /sys/block/sdc/queue/minimum_io_size
 4096
 $ cat /sys/block/sdc/queue/optimal_io_size
 65536

The NetApp allows 512 byte accesses (but they will be very
inefficient), prefers a minimum 4K I/O size, but the optimal I/O size
is 64K.

For detailed information about what these numbers mean, see
L<http://docs.redhat.com/docs/en-US/Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux/6/html/Storage_Administration_Guide/newstorage-iolimits.html>

[Thanks to Matt Booth for providing 4K drive data.  Thanks to Mike
Snitzer for providing NetApp data and additional information.]

=head2 1 MB PARTITION ALIGNMENT

Microsoft picked 1 MB as the default alignment for all partitions
starting with Windows 2008 Server, and Linux has followed this.

Assuming 512 byte sectors in the guest, you will now see the first
partition starting at sector 2048, and subsequent partitions (if any)
will start at a multiple of 2048 sectors.

1 MB alignment is compatible with all current alignment requirements
(4K, 64K) and provides room for future growth in physical block sizes.

=head2 SETTING ALIGNMENT

L<virt-resize(1)> can change the alignment of the partitions of some
guests.  Currently it can fully align all the partitions of all
Windows guests, and it will fix the bootloader where necessary.  For
Linux guests, it can align the second and subsequent partitions, so
the majority of OS accesses except at boot will be aligned.

Another way to correct partition alignment problems is to reinstall
your guest operating systems.  If you install operating systems from
templates, ensure these have correct partition alignment too.

For older versions of Windows, the following NetApp document contains
useful information: L<http://media.netapp.com/documents/tr-3747.pdf>

For Red Hat Enterprise Linux E<le> 5, use a Kickstart script that
contains an explicit C<%pre> section that creates aligned partitions
using L<parted(8)>.  Do not use the Kickstart C<part> command.  The
NetApp document above contains an example.

=head1 EXIT STATUS

This program returns:

=over 4

=item *

0

successful exit, all partitions are aligned E<ge> 64K for best performance

=item *

1

an error scanning the disk image or guest

=item *

2

successful exit, some partitions have alignment E<lt> 64K which can result
in poor performance on high end network storage

=item *

3

successful exit, some partitions have alignment E<lt> 4K which can result
in poor performance on most hypervisors

=back

=head1 SEE ALSO

L<guestfs(3)>,
L<guestfish(1)>,
L<virt-filesystems(1)>,
L<virt-rescue(1)>,
L<virt-resize(1)>,
L<http://libguestfs.org/>.

=head1 AUTHOR

Richard W.M. Jones L<http://people.redhat.com/~rjones/>

=head1 COPYRIGHT

Copyright (C) 2011 Red Hat Inc.
